Monday, July 28, 2014

PDQm - Patient Demographics Query as Mobile API

The IHE ITI committee last week approved the Patient Demographics Query for Mobile (PDQm) profile go forward to Trial Implementation. This puts it on track for testing at the USA Connectathon in Cleveland. This is the first Profile of the new FHIR core standard. Both are in a trail state, so it is possible things will change. But these both are based on very mature concepts.

The executive summary is that this is a very minimal profile of the HL7 FHIR Patient resource. Two items have been made mandatory, where the FHIR spec leaves them potentially optional. One extension was added to support the pediatrics use-case that is an option in PDQ. Otherwise it is a simple FHIR 'GET' transaction, aka Query, that returns a Bundle (aka Atom Feed) of the resulting matching entries.

Use-case for PDQm

 The Patient Demographics Query for Mobile (PDQm) Profile defines a lightweight RESTful interface to a patient demographics supplier leveraging technologies readily available to mobile applications and lightweight browser based applications.
  • The functionality is identical to the PDQ Profile described in the ITI TF-1:8. The differences are transport and messaging format of messages and queries. The profile leverages HTTP transport, and the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), Simple-XML, and Representational State Transfer (REST). The payload format is defined by the HL7 Fast Health Interoperable Resources (FHIR) draft standard.
Using these patterns, the PDQm Profile exposes the functionality of a patient demographics supplier to mobile applications and lightweight browser applications.

The following list provides a few examples of how PDQm might be leveraged by implementers:
  • A health portal securely exposing demographics data to browser based plugins
  • Medical devices which need to access patient demographic information
  • Mobile devices used by physicians (example bedside eCharts) which need to establish patient context by scanning a bracelet
  • Web based EHR/EMR applications which wish to provide dynamic updates of patient demographic information such as a non-postback search, additional demographic detail, etc.
  • Any low resource application which exposes patient demographic search functionality
  • Any application using the MHD Profile to access documents may use PDQm to find an appropriate patient identifier
  • This supplement is intended to be fully compliant with the HL7 FHIR specification, providing only use-case driven constraints to aid with interoperability, deterministic results, and compatibility with existing PDQ and PDQv3 Profiles.
Currently the HL7 FHIR standard is in “Draft Standard for Test Use” (DSTU) and may experience a large amount of change during this phase. Readers are advised that, while the profiled components in this supplement may not accurately reflect the most recent version of the FHIR standard, implementations of PDQm will be tested as specified in this supplement. Changes to the FHIR DSTU will be integrated into this supplement via the formal IHE Change Proposal (CP) process.

Using the FHIR Patient resource, IHE needed only profile two elements. IHE sets the patient name and identifier as mandatory, whereas the core FHIR allows them to be empty. This is the FHIR Patient Resource as it is used by PDQm.

FHIR Patient Resource ++ 

This is the definition for the Patient Resource contained within the Query Patient Resource response message. The purpose of the definition is to describe the data elements relevant for this transaction. It is a restriction of the Patient Resource found in chapter 5.1.2 of the FHIR standard. For the complete FHIR definition of this Resource please see ITI TF-2x: Appendix W


Pediatrics Demographic Option

PDQm has usecases to support new-born that have not been fully identified, and thus require that the mother’s maiden name be included in their Patient resource. This was introduced to PDQ with a Pediatrics Option. This use-case is not currently supported by the FHIR DSTU, so IHE has extended the Patient resource to include this. IHE will be bringing the use-case to HL7 for proper handling (recognizing that it is most likely the mothers name, not the mother’s maiden name that is desired).

...
"extensionDefn" : [
  {
       "code" : "mothersMaidenName",
       "contextType" : "resource",
       "context" : [ "Patient" ],
       "definition" : {
              "short" : "Patient's mother's maiden name",
              "formal" : "The name of the patient's mother",
              "min" : 0,
              "max" : 1,
              "type" : [
                     {
                           "code" : "HumanName"
                     }
              ],
              "isModifier" : false
       }
  }
]
...


PDQm as a RESTful API to a mature PDQ and PIX environment.


 
PDQm can be viewed as an API to a classic PDQ or PDQ v3 environment. Same PDQ use cases and interactions, using the FHIR encoding for the transaction from the mobile consumer. This diagram shows an implementation of a gateway that converts the PDQm into a normal PDQ transaction via a gateway.






PDQ attributes 

The following table shows the attribute mapping between PDQ, PDQ v3, and PDQm.

Abstract Field
PDQ
PDQ HL7v3
PDQm
Identifier List                                    
PID.3 and PID.18
Id
identifier
Name(s)
PID.5 and PID.9
Name
name
Date / Time of Birth
PID.7
birthTime
birthDate
Gender
PID.8
administrativeGenderCode
gender
Address(es)
PID.11
Addr
address
Telecommunications Address(es)
PID.13 and PID.14
Telecom
telecom
Language(s) of communication
PID.15
languageCommunication
communication
Marital Status
PID.16
maritalStatusCode
maritalStatus
Non-Medical Identifiers
PID.19 and PID.20
asOtherIds
identifier
Death Date/Time
PID.29
deceasedTime
deceasedDateTime
Mother’s Maiden Name
PID.6
personalRelationship.name
See ITI TF-2c: 3.78.4.2.2.2
Patient Birth Order
PID.25
multipleBirthOrderNumber
multipleBirthInteger

PDQ Query Parameters


And the query parameters, mapped between the three

Abstract Parameter
PDQ
PDQ HL7v3
PDQm
Identifier List
@PID.3 and @PID.18
livingSubjectId
Identifier
Name
@PID.5
livingSubjectName
given and family
Date / Time of Birth
@PID.7
livingSubjectBirthTime
Birthdate
Gender
@PID.8
livingSubjectAdministrativeGender
Gender
Address
@PID.11
patientAddress
Address
Domains to be Returned
QPD-8
otherIDsScopingOrganization
See ITI TF-2c:3.78.4.1.2.4
Mother’s Maiden Name
@PID.6
mothersMaidenName
mothersMaidenName.given and mothersMaidenName.family
Patient Telecommunications Addresses
@PID.13
patientTelecom
Telecom

The result of a query is a “Bundle”, which for XML encoding is derived in FHIR from the standards based ATOM feed.

Examples


Here is a sample Query, in HTTP form, requesting JSON format be returned, all Male patients with the Given name “John” and the Family name “Smith”.

GET http://pdm-sample:8080/iti-y1/Patient?_format=application/json+fhir&gender=M&family=Smith&given=John&count=10
User-Agent: Fiddler
Host: pdq-sample:8080

Here is a sample result.  Amazingly there is only one John Smith.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Connection: close
Content-Type: application/json+fhir; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 2683
Date: Sun, 06 Apr 2014 20:38:23 GMT
Expires: Sat, 05 Apr 2014 20:38:20 GMT

{
  "resourceType" : "Bundle",
  "title" : "Search results for resource type Patient",
  "id" : "urn:uuid:c179d5bd-e81e-4fe0-981a-46f6c6588f",
  "link" : [
    {
      "href" : "http://pdm-sample:8080/iti-y1/Patient?_format=application/json+fhir&gender=M&family=Smith&given=John&count=10",
      "rel" : "self"
    }
  ],
  "updated" : "2014-04-06T20:38:23Z",
  "totalResults" : "1",
  "entry" : [
    {
      "title" : "Patient \"1\"",
      "id" : "http://pdm-sample:8080/iti-y1/Patient/1",
      "link" : [
        {
          "href" : "http://pdm-sample:8080/iti-y1/Patient/1",
          "rel" : "self"
        }
      ],
      "updated" : "2014-03-11T20:34:55Z",
      "content" : {
        "resourceType" : "Patient",
        "text" : {
          "status" : "generated",
          "div" : "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\r\n<div xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">John Smith (Male) - 1974-12-25</div>"
        },
        "identifier" : [
          {
            "use" : "usual",
            "system" : "urn:oid:1.2.36.146.595.217.0.1",
            "value" : "12345",
            "assigner" : {
              "display" : "Acme Healthcare"
            }
          }
        ],
        "name" : [
          {
            "use" : "official",
            "family" : [
              "Smith"
            ],
            "given" : [
              "John",
              "James"
            ]
          },
          {
            "use" : "usual",
            "given" : [
              "James"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "telecom" : [
          {
            "use" : "home"
          },
          {
            "system" : "phone",
            "value" : "+1(202)555-6474",
            "use" : "work"
          }
        ],
        "gender" : {
          "coding" : [
            {
              "system" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/v3/AdministrativeGender",
              "code" : "M",
              "display" : "Male"
            }
          ]
        },
        "birthDate" : "1974-12-25",
        "deceasedDateTime" : null,
        "address" : [
          {
            "use" : "home",
            "line" : [
              "123 Main St. West Unit 33"
            ],
            "city" : "Chicago",
            "state" : "IL",
            "zip" : "00000"
          }
        ],
        "managingOrganization" : {
          "display" : "ACME Medical Centres"
        },
        "active" : true
      },
      "summary" : "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\r\n<div xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">John Smith (Male) - 1974-12-25</div>"
    }
  ]
}

 

Conclusion

IHE won't be the only one to profile FHIR. This supplement helps give synergy between the two PDQ flavors, providing a new flavor. The advantage of this new flavor is that applications can more easily process it. It doesn't really make the server job easier

Blog References on mHealth

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